The government work report of this year's "two sessions" attaches great importance to the high-quality development of manufacturing industry and industrial Internet. The report clearly proposes to "build an industrial Internet platform and expand" intelligent ”, enabling the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry. "Smart" ”The new formulation is not only the policy driving force for the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry this year, but also the "Internet" put forward by the senior management in the past ”Correction in manufacturing.

      When manufacturing "smart" ”As soon as the development strategy appeared, some experts immediately interpreted the "intelligence" here as "artificial intelligence", which is obviously inappropriate. This unique understanding or deliberate interpretation of "intelligence" as "artificial intelligence" is a misunderstanding of the essence of intelligence, which will ”A good book read crooked, bringing the business community into the ditch.

      If the industry has no definition of intelligence and lacks intelligence classification, it is difficult to carry out "intelligence" effectively ”Activities.

      1、 What is intelligence needs to be clarified

      Intelligence is a familiar and unfamiliar word for us. It is familiar that intelligence happens around us and on us every day; It is strange how we can accurately define it, measure it, and effectively use it to build intelligent systems and make intelligent systems benefit mankind.

      The author believes that intelligence is the survival and development ability of a system or a subject. It was conceived in the ancient nature and originated in all life systems. It has also been used by human beings as an ability to understand nature, transform nature, optimize survival and benefit the world. However, this application was implicit, fuzzy and non-specific pursuit application in the past, but today it is clear, clear and active pursuit application.

How to get through the "intelligence" of different fields, different subjects and different systems and get a consensus definition of intelligence is still a work that needs a lot of research. Researchers from all walks of life have made massive efforts and achieved a lot of results.

      What is intelligence?

      two thousand and sixteenIn, the book "three body intelligent revolution" written by Hu Hu, Zhao Min, Ning Zhenbo and other nine experts, the founding planning and Editorial Committee of "moving towards intelligence from book", pointed out that:“The essence of intelligence is the induction, cognition and application of all life systems to the laws of nature(capability). " （P006）

two thousand and eighteenIn, Yang Xueshan, former Vice Minister of the Ministry of industry and information technology and professor of Peking University, pointed out in his book "principles of intelligence":“Intelligence is the subject's ability to adapt, change and choose the environment。” （P129）

      After repeatedly reading the core content of the Book Principles of intelligence, the author believes that this is the most detailed exposition of intelligence in Chinese academic circles so far. It can be said that the principles of intelligence and the three body intelligent revolution have their own characteristics: the principles of intelligence are strategically located, cross-border and comprehensive; The focus model of the three body intelligent revolution is a combination of Chinese and western, concise and practical. From different perspectives and methodologies, the two books together constitute the Chinese people's own theoretical system of intelligence.

If we briefly compare the definitions of intelligence in the two books, we can analyze them semantically. As shown in the tableoneAs shown in.                                                 

surfaceoneIntelligent definition comparison
	Three body intelligence revolution	Principles of intelligence
subject	Life system	subject
predicate	Induction, cognition and Application	Adaptation, change, choice
object	natural law	environment
emphasize	(capacity)	capacity

      "Three body intelligent revolution" holds that: "an artificial system with cognitive ability must be an intelligent system, which can perceive the external state of the system, analyze and calculate in real time, make decisions independently, and accurately control other physical devices to perform actions." （P006）"State perception, real-time analysis, independent decision-making, accurate execution and learning improvement" are the basic criteria for judging intelligent systems.

      According to the principle of intelligence: "whether logical reasoning and algorithm are adopted or not, the behavior of the subject belongs to the category of intelligence." （P130）

      2、 Intelligent source, component

      Intelligent source

      The three body intelligence revolution holds that:“In the process of hundreds of thousands of years of continuous labor evolution and continuous cognition of nature, human beings have developed a developed brain and innate intelligence。” （P008）"Artificial intelligence is the ability of artificial systems to imitate, expand and surpass human intelligence." （P007）

      According to the principle of intelligence, "human intelligence is obviously the result of biological evolution." （P005）"Intelligent agents evolve and develop. Modern human intelligence comes from primitive life billions of years ago, and abiotic intelligence comes from human intelligence."（P131）

surfacetwoIt shows the comparison of intelligent sources in the two books.

surfacetwoSmart source comparison
	Three body intelligence revolution	Principles of intelligence
Intelligent source	human beings	human beings
Formation process	evolution	evolution
Intelligent agent	Man, animal, man-made system	Abiotic system
Action mode	Man made systems imitate people and animals and strengthen people's ability	Abiotic systems imitate biological systems and enhance the ability of biological systems

   

      Both the three body intelligence revolution and the principles of intelligence believe that intelligence comes from human beings and is the result of evolution. The distinction between the two is only that biological systems and abiotic systems tend to be divided macroscopically; Human and man-made systems tend to be specifically divided. andBiological intelligenceAndAbiotic intelligence, are the two most important basic concepts in the principles of intelligence, and almost all contents are discussed around these two concepts.

      Intelligent elements

      "Three body intelligent revolution" holds that: "man-made system is a collection of things that realize a certain function composed of interconnected components and operation. The components are made of various natural or man-made physical materials, and the operation is set by people according to their needs." （P007）

According to the principles of intelligence, "there are three elements and the environment at that time that determine the occurrence and development of intelligence. These three elements are subject, function and information." "The three elements show the following relationship: the subject owns and controls and invokes functions and information. Functions realize the process of intelligent behavior, all control and operation. Information refers to the information, its representation and structure within the scope of all problems of intelligent behavior." （P134）

surfacethreeIt shows the comparison of intelligent elements between the two books.

surfacethreeComparison of intelligent elements
	Three body intelligence revolution	Principles of intelligence
Intelligent agent	Man, animal, man-made system	Abiotic system
Constituent elements	Components, operation	Subject, information, function
objective	Functional behavior	Intelligent behavior
External factors	Environment, hypersystem	environment

   

      In the identification of intelligent elements, there is a little difference between the three body intelligent revolution and the principle of intelligence. However, this difference does not affect the recognition and level judgment of intelligence.

      3、 Intelligent agent, various forms

The three body intelligence revolution holds that:“Not only human beings have intelligence, but also other creatures have a special survival intelligence.”“Physical entity system can also be defined as an original intelligent system. ""The artificial intelligence defined in this book includes the intelligence of all artificial systems developed and established by people, such as artificial intelligence, cognitive computing, dark forest, Internet brain, etc. from the field of information technology, as well as industrial intelligence based on sensor and automation technology from the field of manufacturing technology." （P007-008）

      The principle of intelligence points out that: "The subjects in the definition include organisms and non organisms. Not all non organisms have intelligence. Only those who have the ability to realize the behavior specified in the definition are intelligent subjects. Therefore, simple tools and machines operated by people constitute subjects together with people, not independent subjects. Digital machines, automatic production lines, artificial intelligence systems, robots, etc. can be completed independently A certain behavior is a subject without self. This book calls it an abiotic subject. " （P129-130）

surfacefourIt shows the comparison of agents and types in the two books.

surfacefourComparison of agents and types
	Three body intelligence revolution	Principles of intelligence
Intelligent agent	Man, animal, man-made system	Abiotic system
Intelligent type	Human intelligence, biological intelligence, artificial intelligence	Biological intelligence

   

      An agent or system that can have some intelligent behavior ability is called intelligent system or intelligent agent. It can be a biological system, an abiotic system, or a composite system of the two.
                                                            chartoneAgent type and combination relationship

   

      By figureoneIt can be seen that biological intelligence, abiotic intelligence and the combined intelligence formed by the two show us a broad picture of agentssixteenAgents with different characteristics: organismssixSpecies, respectivelyPrimitive life, unicellular life, non nervous system organisms, nervous system organisms, mammals and humans； Abiotic agentsixSpecies, respectivelySimple tools, mechanical systems, digital machines, automation systems, artificial intelligence systems, non biological agents； Composite agentfourSpecies, respectivelyPeople oriented and using abiotic agents, interpersonal groups, abiotic agents dominated and participated, abiotic agent groups(the four combined agents are not shown in the figureoneSeparately).

From simple tools, mechanical systems, digital machines to the most complex organisms, human beings can appear as intelligent subjects and bring rich and colorful intelligence to the objective world on which we live,AI systems are just thatsixteenIt is just one of the intelligent agents in。 It can be seen that when it comes to "intelligence ”It is understood as "artificial intelligence" ”It is a narrow point of view and a manifestation of the lack of full understanding of the diversity of intelligence itself.

      4、 Intelligent behavior should be closed loop

      In the book "three body intelligence revolution", the author uses a very concise“twenty"Proverbs" describes the five basic characteristics of an intelligent system:State perception, real-time analysis, independent decision-making, accurate execution and learning improvement。 The objects to judge these characteristics can be physical entities, conscious human bodies and digital virtual bodies, which is the inheritance and development of Wiener's cybernetics.

      Intelligent systems are divided into three categories:

      Primary intelligent systemIt has three basic characteristics:State awareness, autonomous decision-making, immediate execution, that is, perception, self decision-making and good action. The decision-making basis usually depends on scientific effects (such as intelligent street lights that are automatically turned on and dimmed by photosensitive sensors, anti-collision knife devices of CNC lathes, etc.), which is realized by industrial intelligence without embedding computing systems;

      Constant intelligent systemIt has four basic characteristics:State perception, real-time analysis, independent decision-making and accurate execution。 This kind of system is highly efficient and can work independently, but the intelligence level is preset during construction and is difficult to change (for example, an intelligent washing machine that senses the characteristics of clothing materials and automatically determines the washing strategy). Such a system must embed computing kernel, software and knowledge, mainly industrial intelligence, and introduce a small amount of artificial intelligence in independent decision-making;

      Open intelligent systemIt has five basic characteristics:State perception, real-time analysis, independent decision-making, accurate execution and learning improvement。 The man-made system with these five characteristics is a highly intelligent system with certain cognitive ability, and has the sustainable development ability of self-improvement and learning improvement (for example, an intelligent robot man with deep learning ability, sharing knowledge with the help of the network, and independently updating and optimizing programs). Such a system has strong computing power and needs to use artificial intelligence technology or cognitive computing technology. It can realize the analysis and processing of big data and continuously apply, accumulate and create knowledge.

      The above three intelligent systems all have "perception"-analysis-policy decision-The closed-loop control process of "execution", which can be called "intelligent loop". As shown in the figuretwoAs shown in.                                                                                                                                     

   

      The "three body intelligent revolution" believes that the systems that meet at least the above three characteristics and can form an intelligent ring are intelligent systems. These criteria are very similar to the elements in the principles of intelligence.

      5、 Primary intelligence, still playing the leading role

The law of nature is a scientific effect that is not transferred by human will and has been working around us. For example, when a car turns, it will inevitably produce centrifugal force, friction will inevitably generate heat or electricity, acid-base encounter will inevitably neutralize, evaporation, condensation and so on. The characteristic of scientific effect is that as long as the conditions are met, it must occur automatically, so as to realize the function of the product.

      The function of all products in the world, decomposed to the end, is a scientific effect. The most reassuring thing is that as long as the sun shines normally and human feet are still standing on the earth, the above natural laws will not change.

      Inspired by the laws of nature, human beings have skillfully used scientific effects to make countless industrial intelligent devices, reduce manual intervention and produce great productivity. The primary intelligence using scientific effect constitutes the main body of industrial intelligence. A large number of industrial intelligent devices are playing an intelligent role in various enterprises and in all corners of society. If any machine and equipment are carefully decomposed, each key sub function is realized by scientific effects. For example, automobile engines generate power by deflagration driving pistons, washing machines are dehydrated and dried by centrifugal force, and air conditioners are cooled by phase change, The new aircraft glass depends on Electrochromic dimming lamps. In the fire sprinkler above hotels, restaurants and venues, the thin tube above is red mercury compound. When the temperature below it reachessixty-eightIt will burst at ℃ and start automatic water spraying. The operating temperature of glass tubes of different colors is different, such as orange-57℃, red-68℃, yellow-79° C, green-93℃。 In fact, this is already an "intelligent" device, which is willing, aware of people's wishes, unsupervised and on duty for a long time. Once the conditions are ripe, the function is bound to occur.

      Scientific effects:The specific causal phenomenon of attribute output formed by the effect material under the influence of external material attribute input。 For example, centrifugal force, phase transition, thermal expansion, bimetallic structure, deformation, electric field, magnetic field, electromagnetic field, electrostriction, magnetostriction, electrochromism, magnetofluid, piezoelectric effect, conduction, convection, radiation, capillary, diffraction, electrolysis, explosion, magnetothermal effect, superconductivity, Doppler effect, Magnus effect, Peltier effect Wiesenberg effect, etc. (for more effects, see the authortwo thousand and sixteenyearonePublished in June《TRIZAdvanced and practical combat).

      Small and medium-sized enterprises may not need to introduce "tall" intelligent technologies, especially immature onesAITechnology (in fact, there is not much to promote nowAIIndustrial application), on the basis of the existing digital work, if the industrial intelligence based on scientific effect is used and used well, many practical problems can be solved, so that the design and manufacturing activities can enter the primary intelligence state, and there can still be some "intelligence" ”What you did.

      6、 Intelligent Grading and orderly evolution

      To sum up, intelligence has been displayed in different systems, with different forms and levels. The classification of intelligence is a very important work at present.

      After nearly two years of thinking, the author inherited the three-level Intelligence Division of the three body intelligence revolution, combined with the three basic paradigms of intelligent manufacturing of the Chinese Academy of engineering, and took wisdom as the highest intelligence. After re sorting, the author proposed a five-level intelligence division system, and gave the names of each level

surface5 level 5Intelligent partition system
Intelligence level	Technical description	criterion
Intellectual effect Effect	Taking physical effect, chemical effect, geometric effect and biological effect as the core technology, there is no need to calculate the core	Based on the scientific effect, the "perception" is realized-analysis-policy decision-Intelligent closed loop of "execution"
Wisdom number Digital	Based on digital and network technology, it is implemented based on computing kernel	Based on digital technology, the "perception" is realized-analysis-policy decision-Intelligent closed loop of "execution"
Ingenuity Smart	withCPSAnd software definition technology as the core, cyber and physical system realize deep integration	be based onCPSTechnology to realize "perception"-analysis-policy decision-Intelligent closed loop of "execution"
intelligence Intelligent	Taking the new generation of artificial intelligence technology as the core	Based on the new generationAITechnology to realize "perception"-analysis-policy decision-Intelligent closed loop of "execution"
wisdom Wisdom	With the human brain as the core, it is usually limited to human beings	Based on the cognitive process of human brain, the "perception" is realized-analysis-policy decision-The intelligent closed loop of "execution", and the intelligent subject has self-consciousness and sixth sense

      The first level of "intelligence effect" is the primary intelligence based on scientific effect, which has existed for hundreds of years. However, many people have no feeling because they use it every day. Unexpectedly, the intelligence of intelligence effect level is really enough for enterprises to eat;

      The second "smart number", the third level "smart" and the fourth level "smart" directly borrowed the three basic paradigms of intelligent manufacturing of the Chinese Academy of engineering, renamed and incorporated into the classification system, so as to be compatible with each other to the greatest extent. Zhishu and Zhiqiao are the main solutions for the digital transformation of enterprises at present;

The fifth level of "wisdom" now seems to be limited to human possession. The consensus of most experts in the industry is that wisdom can only be used to describe scenes with people as objects,The judgment criteria of wisdom include self-consciousness, sixth sense, intuition, insight, creativity and so on。 Any man-made system, as far as the intelligent technology that can be seen at present, can not reach the level of intelligence, and even far from the fourth level of "intelligence".

      The author believes that intelligent classification has important practical significance, which will give clear construction ideas, development direction and judgment basis for the classification and construction of intelligent system ”Pave the way for the landing of enterprises.

      7、 Enterprise intelligence, pragmatic promotion

       The understanding, discrimination and hierarchical application of intelligence reflect our level of understanding of all aspects of the nature we live in, which is inseparable from the perspective of three-body intelligence (physical entity, conscious human body and digital virtual body)world, it is also inseparable from "intelligence" with 16 kinds of intelligent agents. Division of labor and cooperation in various forms of intelligence is necessary. Because for enterprises that especially emphasize technical practicability and return on investment, the technology required for the realization of any product function is "low or high", because technology is directly related to cost. For mass-produced products, even if one part saves 2 yuan, 5 million pieces will save 10 million yuan in net profit.

      For example, when enterprises choose intelligent manufacturing technology, in a "intelligent lighting" workshop that needs automatic switch / dimming, intelligent solutions such as photosensitive dimming switch and infrared sensor are enough to solve the problem, and computers are not necessarily used; Adding sensors and embedded systems to traditional boilers, or changing the gatepost guarded by people into digital access control, the intelligent number level scheme can take the lead; In a system that needs energy-saving remote diagnosis and control of vacuum pump, the problem can be solved with a smart solution based on CPS and industrial Internet of things technology; In the harsh dairy production process, a new generation of artificial intelligence (big data Intelligence) can be applied to effectively monitor and improve dairy quality by collecting a variety of production data for a long time.

      In short, the strategy of enterprises to promote the implementation of "intelligence" is that if intelligent solutions can solve problems, there is no need to use intelligent numbersLevel scheme； If intelligent solutions can solve problems, don't use ingenuityLevel scheme, if smart solutions can solve problems, don't use intelligenceLevel scheme。 In short, for enterprises that pay most attention to practicality and lean, it is best to kill chickens with an ox knife. Just enough is the best. Problem solving is oriented and there is no need to burn money blindly.

      8、 Summary

      Intelligence is the subject's ability to adapt, change and choose the environment。

      State perception, real-time analysis, independent decision-making, accurate execution and learning improvement（twentyWord proverb) is the basic criterion for judging an intelligent system.

      TotalsixteenAgents with different characteristics constitute rich and colorful intelligent technologies. Artificial intelligence technology is just one of them. Massive tools and machines based on scientific effects still play a leading role in industry and support the realization of industrial intelligence.

      The level of intelligence can be divided into five levels: intelligent effect, intelligent number, intelligence, intelligence.Intelligent classification has important practical significance. It will give clear construction ideas, development direction and judgment basis for the classification and construction of intelligent system ”Pave the way for the landing of enterprises.

      When choosing intelligent solutions, enterprises should avoid seeking foreign countries, and pragmatic choice is the best policy.